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Lateral flow tests

Lateral flow tests

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  • ✔️ Detects COVID-19 antigens with high specificity in minutes
  • ✔️ Results available in just 15–30 minutes at home
  • ✔️ Suitable for both symptomatic and asymptomatic screening
  • ✔️ Single-use design ensures hygienic, reliable testing every time
  • ✔️ Can also detect influenza A, B, and Strep A antigens

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What Are Lateral Flow Tests and How Do They Help?

 

If you've ever needed a quick answer about whether you might be infectious, you'll know how stressful the wait can be. Lateral flow tests are rapid diagnostic devices designed to detect specific antigens — proteins produced by pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 — directly from a nasal or throat swab sample. Results are typically available within 15 to 30 minutes, making them one of the most practical tools for rapid at-home testing. The NHS used them extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic, and they remain a widely recommended option for people who need fast, accessible results without visiting a clinic. If you're also managing other health conditions at home, you might find our electrical health and diagnostic range useful alongside your testing needs.

These tests are classified as in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical devices and must meet strict regulatory standards set by the MHRA before they can be sold in the UK. That means every test kit you purchase from a reputable UK pharmacy has been assessed for safety and performance. They are available over the counter without a prescription, making them genuinely accessible for most adults and older children.

 

How Do Lateral Flow Tests Work?

 

The science behind these tests is elegant in its simplicity. Here's what happens from swab to result:

  • You collect a sample by swabbing your throat, nostrils, or both, depending on the specific test instructions.
  • The swab is placed into a buffer solution, which extracts any antigens present in the sample.
  • A few drops of this solution are applied to the test cassette's sample well.
  • The liquid travels along a nitrocellulose membrane by capillary action, passing labelled antibodies that bind to the target antigen if it is present.
  • Bound antigen-antibody complexes accumulate at the test line (T), producing a visible coloured band.
  • A control line (C) always appears if the test has worked correctly — no control line means the result is invalid.

One line (C only) means a negative result. Two lines (C and T) means a positive result, regardless of how faint the T line appears.

 

Who Should Use Lateral Flow Tests?

 

These tests are suitable for a wide range of people. They're particularly useful when you need a quick answer before visiting someone vulnerable, returning to work, or deciding whether to seek further medical advice. That said, they're not a substitute for a PCR test if you have significant symptoms or if a clinical diagnosis is required.

  • Adults and older children who are symptomatic and want a rapid initial result
  • People who have been in close contact with a confirmed case of an infectious illness
  • Individuals who need to confirm their status before visiting elderly or immunocompromised relatives
  • Those returning from travel who want to screen themselves before mixing with others

 

How Do Lateral Flow Tests Compare to PCR Tests?

 

Feature Lateral Flow Test PCR Test
Result time 15–30 minutes 24–72 hours
Setting At home or on-site Laboratory
Sensitivity Moderate to high Very high
Specificity High Very high
Prescription needed No No (but lab access required)

 

Are Lateral Flow Tests Suitable for Everyone, and How Should They Be Stored?

 

Most adults and children over a certain age (check individual product instructions) can use lateral flow tests safely. They are not suitable for use if the packaging is damaged, if the test has passed its expiry date, or if it has been stored incorrectly. Lateral flow tests should be kept below 30°C in a dry location away from direct sunlight — never in a freezer or a damp bathroom cabinet. Bring the test to room temperature before use if it has been stored somewhere cool, as very cold components can affect the flow of liquid along the membrane and produce unreliable results.

If you are pregnant, immunocompromised, or managing a complex health condition, always discuss your testing needs with a pharmacist or GP before relying solely on a home test result. A negative result does not completely exclude infection, particularly early in the course of illness when antigen levels may be low.

This product is a medical device. Speak to your doctor or pharmacist before using if you have an underlying medical condition or are taking other medicines.

Lateral Flow Tests specifications
Treatment category Rapid diagnostic testing
Mechanism of action Immunochromatographic antigen detection
Effective for Detection of viral/bacterial antigens (e.g. SARS-CoV-2)
Suitable for Adults and children (age guidance varies by product)
Active ingredient Monoclonal antibodies (antigen-specific)
UK classification In vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD)
Route of administration Nasal swab / throat swab
Result time 15–30 minutes

Specifications of Lateral Flow Tests

 

What Are Lateral Flow Tests and What Are They Used For?

 

Lateral flow tests are rapid, single-use in vitro diagnostic devices used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a biological sample — most commonly from a nasal or throat swab. In the UK, they became widely known during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way to quickly identify whether someone was likely to be infectious with SARS-CoV-2. However, lateral flow technology is also used to detect other pathogens including influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and streptococcal bacteria. The NHS has recommended their use as part of broader infection control strategies, particularly for protecting vulnerable individuals in care settings and households.

 

What Do You Need to Know Before Using Lateral Flow Tests?

 

Before you open the kit, there are a few important things to be aware of. These tests are diagnostic aids — they are not infallible, and a negative result should always be interpreted alongside your symptoms and any known exposure history.

Do not use this test if:

  • The packaging is torn, damaged, or has been previously opened
  • The test has passed its printed expiry date
  • The test has been stored outside the recommended temperature range (below 30°C)
  • You have had nasal surgery recently — consult your GP before swabbing
  • The child being tested is too young for the specific product (check individual instructions)

Warnings to be aware of:

  • A negative result does not completely rule out infection, especially in the early stages of illness
  • A positive result should be followed up with appropriate self-isolation and, where indicated, a confirmatory PCR test
  • Do not eat, drink, or smoke for at least 30 minutes before taking a throat swab, as this can affect accuracy
  • The buffer solution contains chemicals — avoid contact with eyes and skin; wash hands thoroughly after use
  • Dispose of used tests safely in household waste — do not recycle

Known interactions:

  • No drug interactions are applicable — this is a diagnostic device, not a medicine
  • Nasal sprays or decongestants used immediately before testing may theoretically affect nasal swab samples; allow time after use where possible

 

How Should You Use Lateral Flow Tests?

 

Always read the specific instructions included in your test kit, as steps can vary slightly between brands. The general process is as follows:

  1. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds and dry them completely.
  2. Lay out all components on a clean, flat surface: the test cassette, swab, buffer solution tube, and any dropper provided.
  3. Open the buffer tube and place it upright in the stand provided (or hold it carefully).
  4. Remove the swab from its packaging without touching the tip.
  5. Swab the back of your throat (tonsil area) with a gentle rotating motion — typically 4 times on each side.
  6. Using the same swab, insert it approximately 2.5 cm into one nostril and rotate 4 times; repeat in the other nostril.
  7. Place the swab into the buffer solution and stir it at least 10 times, then squeeze the tube sides as you remove the swab.
  8. Attach the dropper nozzle and apply the specified number of drops (usually 2–3) to the sample well on the test cassette.
  9. Wait 15–30 minutes before reading the result — do not read after 30 minutes as the result may be unreliable.
  10. Interpret: C line only = negative; C and T lines = positive; no C line = invalid (repeat with a new test).
Indication Age Group Swab Type Result Reading Time
COVID-19 screening Adults and children (check product) Throat and nasal 15–30 minutes
Influenza A/B detection Adults and children (check product) Nasal 15–20 minutes
Strep A detection Adults and children (check product) Throat 5–10 minutes

If you're managing a household with young children and need broader health support, our baby and toddler range includes products to help you care for little ones during illness.

 

What Are the Possible Side Effects of Lateral Flow Tests?

 

Because lateral flow tests are diagnostic devices rather than medicines, they do not cause systemic side effects. However, the physical process of swabbing can occasionally cause minor discomfort.

Common side effects (from swabbing):

  • Mild nasal discomfort or sneezing during or after nasal swabbing
  • Temporary throat irritation after throat swabbing
  • Watery eyes triggered by the gag reflex during throat swabbing

Less common side effects:

  • Minor nosebleed in individuals with sensitive nasal passages — apply gentle pressure and avoid blowing the nose forcefully
  • Skin irritation if the buffer solution contacts the skin — rinse with water immediately
  • Eye irritation if buffer solution splashes into the eye — rinse thoroughly with clean water and seek medical advice if irritation persists

 

How Should You Store Lateral Flow Tests?

 

Correct storage is essential to ensure your test gives a reliable result when you need it most. Poor storage conditions can degrade the antibodies on the test strip and lead to inaccurate readings.

  • Store at temperatures between 2°C and 30°C — a cool, dry cupboard is ideal
  • Do not freeze — freezing damages the membrane and antibody components
  • Keep away from direct sunlight and sources of heat such as radiators or car dashboards
  • Store in the original sealed packaging until ready to use
  • Check the expiry date printed on the outer box before each use
  • Keep out of reach of children — the buffer solution contains chemicals that are not safe to ingest
  • Do not store in a bathroom cabinet where humidity levels fluctuate

If you're stocking up on health essentials at home, our first aid collection has everything you need to be prepared for common health situations.

Written and reviewed by our qualified team

Your safety and success are our highest priorities. Our medical team rigorously evaluates every product and piece of advice we provide, ensuring you receive only the most effective, science-backed solutions available.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where can I buy lateral flow tests online in the UK?

You can buy lateral flow tests directly from Cured Pharmacy, a GPhC-registered UK online pharmacy, with delivery to your door. No prescription is needed, and they are available over the counter as an in vitro diagnostic medical device. Simply add them to your basket and check out securely.

How do lateral flow tests detect infection?

Lateral flow tests use immunochromatographic technology, where labelled antibodies on a nitrocellulose strip bind to specific antigens in your sample. If the target antigen is present, a visible coloured line appears at the test (T) position on the cassette. The control (C) line always appears to confirm the test has functioned correctly.

How accurate are lateral flow tests for COVID-19?

Lateral flow tests for COVID-19 generally have high specificity, meaning a positive result is very likely to be genuine. Sensitivity varies between products and is lower in the very early stages of infection when antigen levels are still low. For symptomatic individuals, the NHS has noted that testing on consecutive days can improve the reliability of a negative result.

How do I use a lateral flow test step by step?

Wash your hands, then swab your throat and both nostrils as directed in the product instructions. Place the swab into the buffer solution, stir it, then apply the specified number of drops to the test cassette's sample well. Read the result after 15–30 minutes — one line (C) is negative, two lines (C and T) is positive, and no C line means the test is invalid.

What does a faint T line on a lateral flow test mean?

Any visible T line, no matter how faint, alongside the C line is considered a positive result. The intensity of the line does not indicate how infectious you are or how high your viral load is. You should follow current NHS guidance for a positive result regardless of line intensity.

Can children use lateral flow tests safely?

Yes, lateral flow tests can be used in children, though an adult should assist younger children with the swabbing process to ensure it is done correctly and safely. Always check the specific product's age guidance, as some tests are validated for adults only. Keep the buffer solution away from children's eyes and mouth at all times.

Who is eligible to use lateral flow tests?

Most adults and older children in the UK can use lateral flow tests without a prescription. They are particularly recommended for symptomatic individuals, close contacts of confirmed cases, and those wishing to screen themselves before visiting vulnerable people. If you have had recent nasal surgery or have a complex health condition, speak to your GP or pharmacist first.

What should I do if I get a positive lateral flow test result?

If your result is positive, follow current NHS guidance, which may include staying at home, avoiding contact with vulnerable individuals, and informing close contacts. You may also wish to seek a confirmatory PCR test depending on your circumstances and current public health guidance. Contact your GP if you have symptoms that are worsening or if you are in a high-risk group.

What are the alternatives to lateral flow tests?

The main alternative is a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test, which is processed in a laboratory and is generally more sensitive than a rapid antigen test. PCR tests take longer — typically 24 to 72 hours — but are considered the gold standard for diagnostic confirmation. For broader health monitoring at home, our electrical health and diagnostic range includes other useful devices.

How long do lateral flow tests take to show a result?

Most lateral flow tests produce a readable result within 15 to 30 minutes of applying the sample. You should not read the result before the minimum time stated in the instructions, as the reaction may not be complete. Equally, do not read the result after 30 minutes, as evaporation lines can appear and be mistaken for a positive result.

Can I use a lateral flow test if I have no symptoms?

Yes, lateral flow tests can be used for asymptomatic screening, for example before visiting elderly relatives or attending a crowded event. However, sensitivity is generally lower in asymptomatic individuals because antigen levels may be lower. A negative result in an asymptomatic person should not be taken as a guarantee that you are not infectious.

How should I dispose of a used lateral flow test?

Used lateral flow tests should be placed in a sealed plastic bag and disposed of in your normal household waste bin — do not put them in recycling. The buffer solution and swab are considered clinical waste once used, so handle them carefully and wash your hands thoroughly after disposal. Do not flush any components down the toilet.

How should I store lateral flow tests at home?

Store lateral flow tests in a cool, dry place below 30°C, away from direct sunlight and sources of heat. Never freeze them, as this damages the antibody components on the test strip. Keep them in their original sealed packaging and check the expiry date before each use.

Can lateral flow tests detect flu and other infections, not just COVID-19?

Yes, lateral flow technology is used to detect a range of pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2, including influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Streptococcus A. Combination tests that detect multiple pathogens simultaneously are also available. Always check the specific test's intended use before purchasing, as not all lateral flow tests detect the same infections. If you're also dealing with cold and flu symptoms, our cold and flu range may help with symptom relief.

What is the latest guidance on using lateral flow tests in the UK?

Current NHS and UKHSA guidance recommends that people with respiratory symptoms consider testing to help reduce transmission to vulnerable individuals, though mandatory testing requirements have largely been lifted since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic emergency phase. Guidance is updated periodically, so always check the NHS website for the most current recommendations. Your pharmacist can also advise you on when and how to test based on your individual circumstances.

How Should You Use Lateral Flow Tests?

Using a lateral flow test correctly is essential for getting a reliable result. Before you begin, make sure the test is within its expiry date, has been stored correctly, and has been brought to room temperature if it was kept somewhere cool. Always read the specific instructions included in your kit, as steps can vary slightly between brands and test types.

What Is the Correct Dose of Lateral Flow Tests?

Lateral flow tests are single-use diagnostic devices, not medicines, so "dosing" refers to how many drops of buffer solution you apply and how frequently you test. Most kits instruct you to apply 2–3 drops to the sample well — never more, as excess liquid can flood the membrane and invalidate the result. If you are testing to monitor an ongoing illness, the NHS has previously recommended testing on consecutive days to improve the reliability of a negative result.

When Is the Best Time to Use Lateral Flow Tests?

For the most accurate result, test when your symptoms are at their most active — typically within the first few days of feeling unwell. If you are testing for COVID-19 specifically, the NHS has noted that antigen levels are generally highest during the infectious period, which often coincides with symptom onset. Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking for at least 30 minutes before taking a throat swab, as residues in the mouth can interfere with the test.

If you are testing as a precaution before visiting a vulnerable person, test as close to the visit as practically possible — ideally within a few hours — to give the most relevant snapshot of your current status.

How Long Can You Use Lateral Flow Tests For?

Each lateral flow test is a single-use device and must be discarded after one use, regardless of the result. You can purchase multiple tests and use them on consecutive days if monitoring an ongoing illness or if an initial result was invalid. Tests remain usable until their printed expiry date, provided they have been stored correctly below 30°C in a dry location. There is no limit on how many separate testing episodes you can undertake, but each episode requires a fresh, unopened test.

Do not exceed the recommended dose. If in doubt, speak to your pharmacist.

How Should You Use Lateral Flow Tests?

Using a lateral flow test correctly is essential for getting a reliable result. Before you begin, make sure the test is within its expiry date, has been stored correctly, and has been brought to room temperature if it was kept somewhere cool. Always read the specific instructions included in your kit, as steps can vary slightly between brands and test types.

What Is the Correct Dose of Lateral Flow Tests?

Lateral flow tests are single-use diagnostic devices, not medicines, so "dosing" refers to how many drops of buffer solution you apply and how frequently you test. Most kits instruct you to apply 2–3 drops to the sample well — never more, as excess liquid can flood the membrane and invalidate the result. If you are testing to monitor an ongoing illness, the NHS has previously recommended testing on consecutive days to improve the reliability of a negative result.

When Is the Best Time to Use Lateral Flow Tests?

For the most accurate result, test when your symptoms are at their most active — typically within the first few days of feeling unwell. If you are testing for COVID-19 specifically, the NHS has noted that antigen levels are generally highest during the infectious period, which often coincides with symptom onset. Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking for at least 30 minutes before taking a throat swab, as residues in the mouth can interfere with the test.

If you are testing as a precaution before visiting a vulnerable person, test as close to the visit as practically possible — ideally within a few hours — to give the most relevant snapshot of your current status.

How Long Can You Use Lateral Flow Tests For?

Each lateral flow test is a single-use device and must be discarded after one use, regardless of the result. You can purchase multiple tests and use them on consecutive days if monitoring an ongoing illness or if an initial result was invalid. Tests remain usable until their printed expiry date, provided they have been stored correctly below 30°C in a dry location. There is no limit on how many separate testing episodes you can undertake, but each episode requires a fresh, unopened test.

Do not exceed the recommended dose. If in doubt, speak to your pharmacist.

What Are the Most Common Side Effects of Lateral Flow Tests?

Because lateral flow tests are diagnostic devices rather than medicines, they do not cause systemic side effects in the way that drugs can. The most commonly reported discomforts are directly related to the physical process of swabbing, and they are almost always mild and short-lived. Most people complete the test without any issues at all.

  • Mild nasal discomfort or a tickling sensation during nasal swabbing
  • Sneezing triggered by inserting the swab into the nostril
  • Temporary throat irritation or a gagging sensation during throat swabbing
  • Watery eyes as a reflex response to throat swabbing

What Are the Less Common Side Effects of Lateral Flow Tests?

A small number of people may experience slightly more noticeable reactions, particularly those with sensitive nasal passages or a strong gag reflex. These are still generally minor and resolve quickly without any treatment.

  • Minor nosebleed in individuals with fragile nasal blood vessels — apply gentle pressure to the nose and avoid blowing it forcefully for a short time afterwards
  • Skin irritation or redness if the buffer solution comes into contact with the skin — rinse the affected area with clean water immediately
  • Mild throat soreness lasting a few minutes after swabbing, particularly if the swab was applied firmly

What Are the Serious Side Effects of Lateral Flow Tests?

Serious adverse reactions to lateral flow tests are extremely rare. However, if the buffer solution — which contains chemical reagents — is accidentally ingested or splashes into the eyes, this requires prompt action. Do not swallow the buffer solution under any circumstances. If a child ingests any part of the kit, contact NHS 111 or your nearest A&E immediately and take the packaging with you so clinicians can identify the chemicals involved.

  • Eye irritation or chemical conjunctivitis if buffer solution enters the eye — rinse thoroughly with clean running water for at least 10–15 minutes and seek medical advice if irritation persists
  • Accidental ingestion of buffer solution — seek urgent medical advice

What Should You Do If You Experience Side Effects?

For minor discomforts such as nasal irritation or a brief nosebleed, no specific treatment is needed beyond gentle care. If you experience persistent nosebleeds, significant throat pain, or any reaction that concerns you, contact your pharmacist or GP for advice. Always keep the test packaging so that healthcare professionals can identify the components if needed.

If you are prone to nosebleeds or have had recent nasal or throat surgery, speak to your GP before using a lateral flow test to discuss whether an alternative sampling method is appropriate for you.

Can Lateral Flow Tests Interact With Other Medicines?

As diagnostic devices, lateral flow tests do not interact with medicines in the pharmacological sense. However, certain nasal sprays — particularly those containing saline, corticosteroids, or decongestants — may theoretically dilute or alter the antigen concentration in a nasal sample if used immediately before testing. Where possible, allow at least 30 minutes after using a nasal spray before taking a nasal swab. Similarly, gargling with antiseptic mouthwash immediately before a throat swab may affect the sample quality, so rinse with plain water first if needed.

If you are concerned about any side effects, contact your pharmacist or GP immediately.

Patient Information Leaflet

Important - Before taking any medication, it is always important to read the Patient Information Leaflet (PIL)

Written and reviewed by our qualified team

GPhC Number: 2233073
Tarun Kumar

Reviewed by:

Tarun Kumar

Superintendent/ Clinical Lead

📖 Find out more about our team of medical content authors and how we ensure the accuracy of our content with our content guidelines.

Content last updated: 31 Mar 2025

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